ADDITIONS MADE:
27.01.17. - Newspaper accounts of a storm and deaths in 1775 and of deaths by lightning in 1846 - see 'Other weather'.
08.02.15. - Chapter Started - many thanks to Jean Jackson of the Shap Historical society for providing information on some of the people mentioned below. Also Mark Beswick at the Met' Office archives.
In the introduction to the 'Historical' section I had originally stated that I would not be including Shap - obviously I have had a change of mind.
A lot of the information sourced in respect of all of the villages comes from the 'British Rainfall Guides' (BRG - commenced 1860 by George Symons) and for many months now I have been quoting the observations of a Mr. W.A. Hoggarth that appear in the BRG on the main page of this website - and I decided that I should really collate them all and make them available, hence the reason for my change of mind.
The issue for myself will then be how much more information to include and how much research to do, so overtime this page will grow, but it is in no way meant to be exhaustive. However, should you have any knowledge of the people mentioned below, can correct any inaccuracies or indeed have any more interesting facts, information or photographs, please get in touch (e-mail address at the bottom). However, I have included all the up to date monthly rainfall data and averages from the Met' Office site located at Wet Sleddale and I will keep this updated.
Shap is a linear township lying at 840 Ft above sea level (asl) and lies both as a gateway to the eastern Lake District and the Eden Valley, particularly when you exit the adjacent M6 motorway at junction 39. Because of its elevation and proximity to the fells it can create its own weather and has a slightly iconic status in the world of the weather watcher. In the days before the M6 was built, when the A6, which the village sits on, was the main south-north road and passed over Shap summit, there are many stories of stranded vehicles and their occupants stuck in snow and the assistance offered to them by the villagers.
Even here at Maulds Meaburn, just 3 miles away in a straight line, the weather can be so different to that at Shap, rarely worse though (sorry). The Met' Office have a weather station at Shap, which is actually outside the village at Wet Sleddale and which really should be referred to as Wet Sleddale and not Shap as once again and despite the proximity, the weather in Wet Sleddale will actually be slightly wetter and colder than that experienced in the village. Indeed the site at Copy Hill which I will now go on to mention, is far more representative of the village than the Met' Office site at Wet Sleddale.
Before 1919 when the 'Manchester Corporation' moved into town and who provide fairly exhaustive rainfall data for the area, annual totals at least, we had Hoggarth followed by the 'vicarage years (1899-1912) when various incumbents seemed to take on the task.
So to Mr. W.A. Hoggarth who is at present proving to be an elusive character and various searches have at present failed to find any further information concerning him, but his weather observations are thorough and most interesting. In the BRG he is listed as the 'authority' for the rain gauge at Copy Hill and whilst his 'hard data' is solely that of rainfall, his general observations are none the less important.
Hoggarth's observations cover the period 1874-90 and should be read in conjunction with those of Mr. W. Wilkinson, the school master at Reagill, who also made weather observations for exactly the same period and which can be found in the 'Crosby Ravensworth' chapter (link below).
Quite clearly Hoggarth kept a 'weather diary' (see below), as his observations are very detailed and these would be a wonderful find, as would be more information about him. When his rainfall records ceased, Symons, in the BRG, makes no further comments about Hoggarth and he does not appear in the obituary for that or subsequent years. This is slightly unfair and unusual as from 1881 he was also responsible for further rain gauges that Symons personally set up at Sleddale and Swindale and which also ceased in 1890 and with no further comment or explanation as to why.
Hoggarth took daily rainfall readings from his site at Copy Hill, the gauge having been supplied by the 'British Association for the advancement of Science' and quite perfectly it was of standard design with a 5 inch diameter set 1ft above the ground.
Copy Hill is situated just to the west of Shap in an isolated position about halfway between Keld and Shap (photo below) and the rain gauge was set at 852 Ft asl.
Firstly though and for completeness, a few details about the first rain gauge that was set up in the vicinity of the village: during 1866 Symons visited the Lake District and placed numerous gauges, there was a genuine lack of knowledge of the rainfall of the area, especially the further east that you went. Symons stated "No.42. Wet Sleddale. The most easterly of the new gauges, being 18 miles east of Seathwaite; it is placed at the head of Wet Sleddale, 500 yards S.S.W. of Seat Robert and 200 ft below it." The gauge was set at 1500 Ft asl and at that point Symons estimated the annual average at 93 inches.
In the 1897 edition of the BRG Symons informs us that this gauge was in operation during 1867-72 and had a mean annual total of 88.1" (2237.7 mm), but unfortunately in the editions for those years he only provides the annual totals for 1867 (87.00"), 1868 (108.75") and 1870 (101.0"), with no explanation for the missing years and why they stopped and he also lists himself as the 'authority' for the gauge with no mention of the person whom actually read the gauge (monthly).
Symons also makes the following comments: in 1868 after 108.75" (2762.3 mm) "... a place evidently most appropriately named." and then in 1870 after 101.0" (2565.4 mm) Wet Sleddale will be seen still to justify its name, the fall being the only English one (except the Seathwaite group) exceeding 100 inch."
We then waited a few years before Hoggarth started his observations in 1874 - there is a lot of them and in keeping with the time they are heavily influenced by the weathers effect on farming. They are listed in entirety below:
Hoggarth may have only had a rain gauge, but he most definitely kept a very concise diary and it really is a remarkable record. Fortunately for us he submitted his observations to the BRG, but I have struggled in vain to find any record of the man, let alone his diary and records**.
Some of the entries are quite detailed, giving the timings of storms, etc and details of rainfall totals from such storms and then also very descriptive and some are quite stylised and they become more detailed and plentiful with time, although the last two years are fairly sparse.
But they are a delight to read, give a real sense of how the weather does affect daily life, especially in the farmers life and for those who work the land and which in his time would have been many. They fuel our imagination of what life would have been like and allow your mind to drift, but are also an important historical record of the weather.
** - some of Hoggarth's records do still exist and can be find in the archives at the Met' Office library in Exeter, Ref: Y12.D1-D3. These are 'Daily Rainfall Data for Shap Copy Hill - 1882' and likewise for Swindale Head 1885, but which is described as being in a bad condition.
And so to his observations:
1874
One note for this year is the fact that Symons annotated the annual total of 60.06 inches with a (?). This was not questioning the accuracy but stated due an element of doubt. The doubt being caused by the fact that in the same year a Mr. Abbott had a gauge at the Greyhound public house and the total for the year was ... 60.06 Inches! What is the chance of that? And this is the only year in which Abbott was mentioned.
The only curiosity is that Hoggarth's first daily entry is from August, so maybe he set his gauge later in the year and used the Greyhound data to create a complete year? However, it is all fascinating stuff - all punctuation, etc is that of Hoggarth/Symons and any comment marked with a ** was also commented upon by Wilkinson at Reagill.
31st Aug - 'Between 9 a.m. 30th and 9 a.m. 31st, heavy rain and great flood' 6th Oct - 'High winds and great fall of rain this day (3.70in.) and as 1.05 in. fell yesterday, there are great floods, much land is under water and some roads are are flooded' 21st Oct - 'Very stormy and much hail' 20th Nov - 'Sharp frost at night' 12th Dec - 'Rain and snow, one flash of lightning at 4.30 p.m.'
His comments on the individual months are:
SEPT - 'Considering the quantity of rain that has fallen, mostly in the early part of the day, September has been a warm mild month; harvest has all been gathered in; potato crops are good in Westmoreland; thunder has been heard and lightning seen, but at a great distance'
OCT - 'Thunder, lightning, wind and heavy rain have been frequent during the month; total fall 14.82 in' (376.4 mm)
DEC - 'The ground so covered with snow that farm work is suspended, except that of leading manure on to the meadows; all the ponds and rivers are ice bound'
1875
The comments regarding individual days:
12th Jan - 'Lightning' 19th Jan - 'A great storm of wind and rain causing floods' 24th Jan - 'A great storm' 21st Feb - 'A great storm of wind and bitterly cold'
20th Apr - 'Very hot with distant thunder.' 21st Apr - 'Bitter cold easterly wind 29th Apr - 'Hot, with distant thunder'
15th June - 'A great storm of wind and rain' 3rd Aug + 1st Sept - 'Thunder' 19th Sept - 'A storm of thunder and lighning.' 27th Sept - 'A great storm of wind
10th Oct - 'A great storm of wind and rain; 0.96 in., max of month'
His comments on the individual months are:
FEB - 'About the middle of the month, frost, snow and cold N.E. winds set in, making it very unpleasant for a great number of people who are at present suffering from colds, &c; a few bitterly cold days ended the month.'
MAR - 'Farm work much kept back by the hard frost at the early part of the month; grass land looks much as it did at the latter end of December. Lambs seem to have come a month before their time. The mountains are thickly covered with snow. the farmers took advantage of the dry days at close of the month to cast in their seed.'
APR - 'The month began with bitterly cold days and heavy showers of rain falling for the most part during the nights. Farm work going on in good order.'
MAY - 'The month commenced with cold S.E. wind and cold showers; about the middle, fine warm summer weather occurred, then cold with drenching showers to 24th; then a few cold windy days. The month ended with three dry days, the 30th and 31st being as hot as if in August.'
JUNE - 'Rather a wet month, at times very hot, but more frequently cold; Thunder frequent but distant. The air generally has been damp during the day-time, cold at night. The hay promises to be a first-rate crop; corn, potatoes and other crops are all looking well.'
JULY - 'Began with wet, but it lasted only three days and was followed by fine weather, though there were occasional showers. The hay is nearly all secured in good condition and is a good crop'
DEC - 'The early part seasonable for the time of year; hard frosts with little snow; the 12th was a warm spring like day, followed by a few fine days and since then it has done nothing but rain, accompanied by rough wind; the 21st was the wettest day in the year (2.40 in.) causing a great flood and keeping the land for several days in a very wet state. Loud thunder and much lightning have occurred during the night. The pastures are fresh and green, plants and trees are forward in bud.'
1876
The comments regarding individual days:
1st Jan - 'Very mild, warm and bright, quite May like.' 13th Feb - 'A fall of snow.' 14th Feb - 'Bitter cold thaw.' 17th Feb - 'Great storm of wind and rain; 1.21 in. fell.' 21st Feb - 'A perfect deluge of rain; max fall of month 1.32 in.; wind SW.'
8th Mar - 'Storm of rain (1.11 in) causing floods.' 14th Mar - 'Heavy storm of wind for several hours, displacing slates, chimney pots.' 29th Mar - 'Heavy fog at night.'
5th May - 'Distant thunder.' 21st June - 'A great storm of wind which lasted till 6 p.m. and was followed by loud thunder at 7 p.m.' 25th June - 'A little grass is already cut, one field of hay was housed today.'
8th July - 'Thunder.' 14th July - 'At 8.10 p.m. there was not a cloud to be seen; this clearness lasted several hours.' 22nd July - 'Lightning at 11 p.m.' 23rd July - 'Thunderstorm at 2 a.m.' 29th July - 'A great storm of wind swept over this district.'
16th Aug - 'Loud thunder; no rain.' 18th Aug - 'Dry; thunder.' 21st Aug - 'Distant thunder.' 24th Aug - 'Loud thunder, cold and rain.' 30th Aug - 'A great storm of thunder and lightning, commencing at 7 p.m. and lasting till 10 p.m. No damage done in the locality.'
7th Sept - 'Very loud thunder at 5.25 p.m.' 19th Sept - 'Very hot all day; frost at night.' 30th Sept - 'Strong wind.'
10th Oct - 'Thunder and hail at 5.25 p.m.' 11th Oct - 'South wind and heavy rain, 1.62 in., max fall of the month.' 13th Oct - 'Thunderstorm.' 19th Oct - 'Quite a summer day.'
8th Nov - 'A bitter cold day, with snow.' 14th Nov - 'A great storm of wind and rain; max fall 1.02 in.'
2nd Dec - 'On the night of the 2nd and morning of the 3rd, a dreadful storm of wind (S.E.) with rain, swept over this district, causing much damage to the roofs of houses, &c, and blowing down trees.'
His comments on the individual months are:
JAN - 'A dry month; snow fell on several days but not in great quantities; frost did not last long; the weather on the whole was too mild for the time of year. Plants and trees in a forward state and birds singing as if it were spring; fields looking very fresh and green and farm work in a forward condition.'
FEB - 'The month began with a few miserably cold, wet days and frequent, but not heavy snow; this was followed by a frosty period, but on the 14th a bitter cold thaw took place and from that date rain fell every day in large quantities, which kept the rivers full and the land in a very wet, cold condition, outdoor labour being nearly suspended; lightning and thunder only once or twice during the month.'
MAR - 'A prevalence of hail, rain and snow, with frequent thunder made the weather miserable. Labour at a standstill, the land is so wet; towards the end of the month the weather was more seasonable, seed time just beginning.'
APR - 'At the beginning of the month a few mild days, with growing showers, put the ground in fine condition for the seed crop, grass land improved fast, lambs skipped about, birds sang from morn' till night and spring flowers were plentiful; all at once, on the 9th, winter returned, snow fell on two days and bitterly cold winds continued to the end of the month.'
MAY - 'Cold and dy, consequently a very unfavourable season; hard frosts at night and bitter east winds by day were very injurious to the early potato crops; gooseberries will be scarce; the hay time will be late and it is feared that the crop will be light; pasture land has suffered greatly; towards the end of the month a little rain fell, but more is wanted.'
JUNE - 'Rather a wet month; grass is now improving very fast; the farmers prospects are a little more promising, though the hay time will be at least 10 or 15 days late; potatoes and turnips are looking well. Thunder has been heard frequently, but at a distance and generally late in the afternoon; high shifting winds have swept over this part of the north, some of the trees have suffered much by the wind, tearing off their leaves.'
JULY - 'The weather was favourable for the corn and turnip crops, both of which are looking well; corn is in general a good crop; pastures looking well; haymaking in full force, some good crops have been secured in fine condition; some days in the middle of the month very warm.'
AUG - 'Harvest going on briskly during the middle of the month; the weather very hot; corn in general under the average, but well ripened. August has ended with the rivers in many places full and the fishers are active; tourists have had a fine time of it, but the season is nearly at an end.'
SEPT - 'Cold and wet; very unfavourable for gathering in the harvest, some of the corn in this district being still out at the end of the month; the land is very cold and wet, weather generally cloudy with occasional frosts at night.'
OCT - 'The early part very rainy with high south wind; floods in the middle of the month; land about that time very damp and cold; towards the end of the month dry and cold with a little frost; snow has not yet made its appearance on the hills.'
NOV - 'Cold and damp, but seasonable for the time of year; total fall of rain 4.01 in. The month began with two dry, cold days, followed by rain on 3rd, 4th, 5th; snow fell on the 8th and 9th, but soon vanished.'
DEC - 'Snow on 4 days, but it all melted in a day or two; this has been the wettest month (10.55 in) and the 31st of the month the wettest (2.41 in) day in the year. Great floods at the end of the year; the land cold and wet.'
He made the following comments regarding the year as a whole:
YEAR - 'The year 1876 has been a cold and wet one.'
1877
The comments regarding individual days:
30th Jan - 'A great storm of wind from the S.W.'
28th Feb - 'Very hard frost, bitter cold day.'
25-26th Mar - 'A dreadful storm of wind passed over this district.'
4th Apr - 'Thunderstorm at 7 p.m. and loud thunder about the same time on the 6th.' 6th Apr - 'Thunder about 7 p.m.' 15-17th Apr - 'A great storm of wind (S.E.); ended about 4 p.m. 18th.' 22nd Apr - 'Distant thunder.' 28th Apr - 'Storm of wind all day.'
1st June - 'Storm of wind.' 4th June - 'Loud thunder at 9.35 p.m.' 6th June - 'Great storm all day.' 11th & 19th June - 'Distant thunder.' 20th June - 'Loud thunder at 4 p.m.' 28th June - 'Distant thunder at 1.10 p.m.'
5 + 6 + 7 + 12 + 14th July - 'Thunder.' 25th July - 'Sultry morning, cold afternoon.'
6th Aug - 'Distant thunder at 1 p.m.' 9th Aug - 'Thunder with showers.' 10th Aug - 'Dry and hot with thunder.' 13th Aug - 'Distant thunder.'